What Is an IUD? Full Form, Types, Benefits & Side Effects Explained

The Intra Uterine Device (IUD) is one of the most effective and long lasting contraceptive methods available. This contraception is a small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

Knowing everything there is to know about IUDs, how they work, and whether or not you are a good candidate for having one is more important than ever since there is a basket of effective ways of long-term birth control available.This blog contains everything you ever wanted to know about IUDs, including their types, pros, cons, and the suitability of their use in India.

What is an IUD?

An Intrauterine Device (IUD), is a very small, T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus by a health care provider. It prevents pregnancy, either by releasing copper, or by releasing hormones, depending on which type of IUD is used. IUDs are reversible long-acting contraceptives — i.e., they remain effective for many years but can be taken out at any time and fertility generally returns immediately after IUD removal, allowing for conception in the following cycle.

Types of IUDs

There are two types of IUDs: Non Hormonal and Hormonal

Non Hormonal: Copper IUDs:
These IUDs release copper ions that create an inflammatory response in the uterus. The inflammatory response generated is toxic for spermatozoa. the entire genital tract appears affected due to the inflammatory response and this affects the function and viability of gametes, decreasing the rate of fertilization and lowering the chances of survival of any embryo that may be formed, before it reaches the uterus.
Hormonal IUDs:
Levonorgestrel released from an IUD local effects such as glandular atrophy and stromal decidualization, in addition to the foreign body reaction. There is thickening of cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus. They also thin the uterine lining, making it harder for a fertilized egg to implant, and in some cases, may even prevent ovulation.

To better understand how these two types differ, read our detailed guide on the difference between hormonal and non-hormonal IUDs

Both types trigger an immune response in the uterus, which also contributes to preventing pregnancy. Both copper and hormonal IUDs are very effective at preventing pregnancy, but they differ in their mechanisms, duration, and potential side effects.

1. Copper IUD (Non-Hormonal)

This IUD contains copper as its active ingredient. Copper is toxic to sperm, hampering their movements and preventing fertilization.

Duration of Use: They can be effective for 5-10 years, depending on the specific type.
Advantages: They are hormone-free and can be used as emergency contraception.
Disadvantages: Side effects like heavier menstrual bleeding and cramping.

2. Hormonal IUD

These IUDs release a hormone called levonorgestrel

Duration of use : 3–7 years depending on the brand
Additional advantages: Lessens menstrual cramping and bleeding, and sometimes can cause amenorrhoea in certain women
Side Effects : some women get hormonal side effects such as mood swings, breakthrough bleeding or breast soreness

How Does an IUD Work?

An IUD generates an environment within the uterus that is unfavourable for sperm and eggs.

How it does this:

Copper IUD: Repels copper ions that causes inflammatory response in uterine cavity and genital tract preventing sperm motility
Hormonal IUD: Thickens the endometrium, thickens the cervical mucus, and in some models, prevents ovulation

Point to note :

No IUD can prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and use of condoms is also recommended if risk of STD is present.

Benefits of IUD

IUDs are increasingly popular due to their numerous benefits:

Effectiveness: IUDs are one of the most effective forms of reversible contraception available. More than 99% effective in avoiding pregnancy
Long-Lasting: Single insertion provides protection lasting 3 to 10 years
Low Maintenance: No daily action is needed, unlike with pills .The long-term effectiveness means fewer doctor's visits and less hassle compared to daily or weekly methods.
Reversibility: IUDs can be easily removed by a healthcare provider, and fertility typically returns immediately after removal
Discreet: No visible marks, such as patches or rings. Do not interfere with sexual activity
Cost-effective: The initial cost of an IUD may be higher,but the long-term cost is often lower compared to other methods .
Emergency contraception: IUDs can be used as an effective form of emergency contraception when inserted within five days of unprotected sex

Risks and Side Effects

Although IUDs are safe, they do have possible side effects, particularly in the first few days after being inserted:

Cramping: It a common side effect, especially during the first few days or weeks after insertion.
Menstrual Disturbances: Heavy or irregular periods. Copper IUDs often lead to heavier and longer periods, while hormonal IUDs may result in irregular bleeding, spotting, or even amenorrhea (missed periods).

Other Side Effects with Hormonal IUDs

Hormonal IUDs may cause headaches, acne, breast tenderness, and mood changes.

Less Common but More Serious Side Effects:

Expulsion: The IUD can be accidentally expelled from the uterus, most often within the first few months after insertion.
Perforation: In rare cases, the IUD can perforate the uterine wall especially during insertion, which can lead to infection or other complications.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): While uncommon, PID can occur if bacteria are introduced during insertion.

Important Considerations:

A follow-up visit to your health care provider is routinely suggested after insertion.

Want a deeper dive into the considerations before getting an IUD? Check out our article on the five factors to consider before choosing an IUD.

IUDs in India: Growing Awareness and Access

IUDs were introduced in India long time ago under India's family welfare health program. Devices such as CuT 380A are available in huge numbers free of charge at government health facilities. However Availability is not parallel with usage since usage is constrained because of:

Low knowledge base among rural and semi-urban communities
Myths and misconceptions regarding intrauterine contraception
Pain or infertility-related fears, without a scientific foundation

Companies such as SMB Corporation of India are doing their best to change this story by producing effective IUDs and funding public education campaigns about safe and effective means of birth control.

Is an IUD Right for You?

An IUD is suitable for a woman seeking an effective effortless, reversible, and long-term birth control method. Woman should always ask a gynaecologist or doctor to find out what IUD would be most suitable for her.

Before making a decision, you may also want to explore the five key factors you must absolutely know before choosing an intrauterine contraceptive device.

Final Thoughts

The IUD is a convenient and long term effective means of preventing pregnancy, without daily hassle. Through greater awareness and medical assistance, more people can gain access to the benefits of this safe and effective method of contraception.

SMB Corporation of India remains a proud partner in the global movement toward safe, accessible, and affordable contraception. In the right selection of IUDs, women worldwide can now confidently step towards planned parenthood and reproductive freedom.